Foreign Policy Theories: A Review A Review
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Oct 26, 2022
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Abstract
Foreign Policy Analysis brings together many interpretations of foreign policy decision-making and one of them is the psychological aspect of decision-makers and leaders in the system. Deciphering a leader’s worldview is not easy as most researchers do not have access to analyze them. Sos, many models have been created to answer such puzzling questions and analyze the behavior of foreign policy leaders. This paper follows three such models: Leadership Trait Analysis, Rubicon Model of War, and Operational Code Analysis to compare which model explains the psychological aspect of foreign policy decision-making most effectively. The paper uses qualitative research methodology with the help of existing literature. The paper recognizes that there are many other models and tries to find similarities and build bridge of relevance with psychological aspects of a leader with their surroundings, pressure from parties, individual traits, etc. This paper lays an observation of how psychological aspect is not an independent variable in decision making, rather it is affected by the surrounding in which it persists.
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References
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Crichlow, Robert Scott. 2001. "The Impact of Individuals on Foreign Policy Decision Making". Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
deMause, Lloyd. 1975. "The Independence of Psychohistory". In The New Psychohistory, 7-27. New York: Psychohistory Press.
de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, and Rose McDermott. 2004. "Crossing No-Man’s Land". Political Psychology 25: 271-287.
Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2006. "Personality And Foreign Policy: Tony Blair's Iraq Decisions". Foreign Policy Analysis 2 (3): 289-306. doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00031.x.
Dyson, Stephen Benedict, and Matthew J. Parent. 2017. "The Operational Code Approach to Profiling Political Leaders: Understanding Vladimir Putin". Intelligence And National Security 33 (1): 84-100. doi:10.1080/02684527.2017.1313523.
Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1978. "Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898–1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory". American Political Science Review 72 (2): 434-451. doi:10.2307/1954103.
Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1978. A World of Men: The Private Sources of American Foreign Policy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
George, Alexander L. 1969. "The "Operational Code": A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making". International Studies Quarterly 13 (2): 190. doi:10.2307/3013944.
Hagan, Joe D. 1994. "Domestic Political Systems and War Proneness". Mershon International Studies Review 38 (2): 183. doi:10.2307/222714.
Heckhausen, Heinz, and Peter M. Gollwitzer. 1987. "Thought Contents and Cognitive Functioning in Motivational Versus Volitional States of Mind". Motivation And Emotion 11 (2): 101-120. doi:10.1007/bf00992338.
Hermann, Margaret G. 2003. "Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis". In The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press.
Hermann, Margaret G. 1999. "Assessing Leadership Style: A Trait Analysis". Social Science Automation.
Holsti, Kalevi J. 1977. "The ‘Operational Code’ As an Approach to The Analysis of Belief Systems". Final Report to The National Science Foundation. Durham: Duke University.
Hudson, Valerie. 1992. "Birth Order and The Personal Characteristics of World Leaders". In Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press.
Ilhanus, Juhani. 2001. "Profiling Russian Leaders from A Psychohistorical and A Psychobiographical Perspective". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior, 130. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Johnson, Dominic D.P., and Dominic Tierney. 2011. "The Rubicon Theory of War: How the Path to Conflict Reaches the Point of No Return". International Security 36 (1): 7-40. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00043.
Kaarbo, Juliet. 2017. "Personality And International Politics: Insights from Existing Research and Directions for The Future". European Review of International Studies 4 (2-3): 20-38. doi:10.3224/eris.v4i2-3.02.
Kesgin, Baris. 2019. "Features Of Foreign Policy Birds: Israeli Prime Ministers as Hawks and Doves". Cooperation And Conflict 55 (1): 107-126. doi:10.1177/0010836719850208.
Kimhi, Shaul. 2001. "Benjamin Nentanyahu: A Psychological Profile Using Behavior Analysis". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Pettigrew, Thomas F., Robert A. LeVine, and Donald T. Campbell. 1973. "Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior.". Political Science Quarterly 88 (3): 488. doi:10.2307/2149001.
Levy, Jack S. 2013. "Psychology And Foreign Policy Decision-Making". In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malici, Akan. 2017. "Foreign Policy Belief Systems and Operational Code Analysis". Oxford Research Encyclopedia.
Maoz, Zeev. 1990. "Framing The National Interest: The Manipulation of Foreign Policy Decisions in Group Settings". World Politics 43 (1): 77-110. doi:10.2307/2010552.
Mintz, Alex, and Karl DeRouen Jr. 2010. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Preston, Thomas. 2001. The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisery Process in Foreign Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press.
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Saunders, Elizabeth N. 2017. "No Substitute for Experience: Presidents, Advisers, And Information in Group Decision Making". International Organization 71 (S1): 219-247. doi:10.1017/s002081831600045x.
Schafer, Mark. 2000. "Issues In Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance: An Introduction to the Symposium". Political Psychology 21 (3): 511-527. doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00201.
Schafer, Mark, and Stephen G. Walker. 2001. "Political Leadership and Democratic Peace: The Operational Code of Prime Minister Tony Blair". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Sheng, Michael M. 2001. "Mao Zedong’S Narcissistic Personality Disorder and China's Road to Disaster.". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Smith, Steven. 1988. "Belief Systems and the Study of International Relations". In Belief Systems and International Relations, 11-36. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Snare, C. 1985. "Adaptation And Application of Barber's Model: A Psychological Analysis of Muammar Qaddafi, Anwar Sadat, King Hussein, And Hafez Assad". Master's, University Ohio.
Snare, C. 1992. "Political Psychology and Foreign Policy". In Applying Personality Theory to Foreign Policy Behavior: Evaluating Three Methods of Assessment. New York: Routledge.
Taber, Charles S. 2000. "Problems Of Empirical Inference in Elite Decision-Making". The Political Psychologist 5: 1-9.
t'Hart, Paul, Eric K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius. 1997. "Foreign Policy-Making at The Top: Political Group Dynamics". In Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Walker, Stephen G., and Mark Schafer. 2006. "Belief Systems as Causal Mechanisms in World Politics". In Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics. New York: Palgrave.
Walker, Stephen G. 1990. "The Evolution of Operational Code Analysis". Political Psychology 11 (2): 403. doi:10.2307/3791696.
Walker, Stephen G. 1983. "The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems: A Re-Analysis of The Operational Code Construct". International Studies Quarterly 27 (2): 179. doi:10.2307/2600545.
Winter, David G. 2003. "Assessing Leaders’ Personalities: A Historical Survey Of Academic Research Studies". In The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Winter, David G. 1992. "Personality And Foreign Policy: Historical Overview". In Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press.
Waltz, Kenneth. 1959. Man, The State, And War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Crichlow, Robert Scott. 2001. "The Impact of Individuals on Foreign Policy Decision Making". Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
deMause, Lloyd. 1975. "The Independence of Psychohistory". In The New Psychohistory, 7-27. New York: Psychohistory Press.
de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, and Rose McDermott. 2004. "Crossing No-Man’s Land". Political Psychology 25: 271-287.
Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2006. "Personality And Foreign Policy: Tony Blair's Iraq Decisions". Foreign Policy Analysis 2 (3): 289-306. doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00031.x.
Dyson, Stephen Benedict, and Matthew J. Parent. 2017. "The Operational Code Approach to Profiling Political Leaders: Understanding Vladimir Putin". Intelligence And National Security 33 (1): 84-100. doi:10.1080/02684527.2017.1313523.
Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1978. "Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898–1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory". American Political Science Review 72 (2): 434-451. doi:10.2307/1954103.
Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1978. A World of Men: The Private Sources of American Foreign Policy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
George, Alexander L. 1969. "The "Operational Code": A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making". International Studies Quarterly 13 (2): 190. doi:10.2307/3013944.
Hagan, Joe D. 1994. "Domestic Political Systems and War Proneness". Mershon International Studies Review 38 (2): 183. doi:10.2307/222714.
Heckhausen, Heinz, and Peter M. Gollwitzer. 1987. "Thought Contents and Cognitive Functioning in Motivational Versus Volitional States of Mind". Motivation And Emotion 11 (2): 101-120. doi:10.1007/bf00992338.
Hermann, Margaret G. 2003. "Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis". In The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press.
Hermann, Margaret G. 1999. "Assessing Leadership Style: A Trait Analysis". Social Science Automation.
Holsti, Kalevi J. 1977. "The ‘Operational Code’ As an Approach to The Analysis of Belief Systems". Final Report to The National Science Foundation. Durham: Duke University.
Hudson, Valerie. 1992. "Birth Order and The Personal Characteristics of World Leaders". In Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press.
Ilhanus, Juhani. 2001. "Profiling Russian Leaders from A Psychohistorical and A Psychobiographical Perspective". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior, 130. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Johnson, Dominic D.P., and Dominic Tierney. 2011. "The Rubicon Theory of War: How the Path to Conflict Reaches the Point of No Return". International Security 36 (1): 7-40. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00043.
Kaarbo, Juliet. 2017. "Personality And International Politics: Insights from Existing Research and Directions for The Future". European Review of International Studies 4 (2-3): 20-38. doi:10.3224/eris.v4i2-3.02.
Kesgin, Baris. 2019. "Features Of Foreign Policy Birds: Israeli Prime Ministers as Hawks and Doves". Cooperation And Conflict 55 (1): 107-126. doi:10.1177/0010836719850208.
Kimhi, Shaul. 2001. "Benjamin Nentanyahu: A Psychological Profile Using Behavior Analysis". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Pettigrew, Thomas F., Robert A. LeVine, and Donald T. Campbell. 1973. "Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior.". Political Science Quarterly 88 (3): 488. doi:10.2307/2149001.
Levy, Jack S. 2013. "Psychology And Foreign Policy Decision-Making". In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malici, Akan. 2017. "Foreign Policy Belief Systems and Operational Code Analysis". Oxford Research Encyclopedia.
Maoz, Zeev. 1990. "Framing The National Interest: The Manipulation of Foreign Policy Decisions in Group Settings". World Politics 43 (1): 77-110. doi:10.2307/2010552.
Mintz, Alex, and Karl DeRouen Jr. 2010. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Preston, Thomas. 2001. The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisery Process in Foreign Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press.
Pursiainen, Christer, and Tuomas Forsberg. 2021. The Psychology of Foreign Policy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Saunders, Elizabeth N. 2017. "No Substitute for Experience: Presidents, Advisers, And Information in Group Decision Making". International Organization 71 (S1): 219-247. doi:10.1017/s002081831600045x.
Schafer, Mark. 2000. "Issues In Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance: An Introduction to the Symposium". Political Psychology 21 (3): 511-527. doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00201.
Schafer, Mark, and Stephen G. Walker. 2001. "Political Leadership and Democratic Peace: The Operational Code of Prime Minister Tony Blair". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Sheng, Michael M. 2001. "Mao Zedong’S Narcissistic Personality Disorder and China's Road to Disaster.". In Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Smith, Steven. 1988. "Belief Systems and the Study of International Relations". In Belief Systems and International Relations, 11-36. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Snare, C. 1985. "Adaptation And Application of Barber's Model: A Psychological Analysis of Muammar Qaddafi, Anwar Sadat, King Hussein, And Hafez Assad". Master's, University Ohio.
Snare, C. 1992. "Political Psychology and Foreign Policy". In Applying Personality Theory to Foreign Policy Behavior: Evaluating Three Methods of Assessment. New York: Routledge.
Taber, Charles S. 2000. "Problems Of Empirical Inference in Elite Decision-Making". The Political Psychologist 5: 1-9.
t'Hart, Paul, Eric K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius. 1997. "Foreign Policy-Making at The Top: Political Group Dynamics". In Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Walker, Stephen G., and Mark Schafer. 2006. "Belief Systems as Causal Mechanisms in World Politics". In Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics. New York: Palgrave.
Walker, Stephen G. 1990. "The Evolution of Operational Code Analysis". Political Psychology 11 (2): 403. doi:10.2307/3791696.
Walker, Stephen G. 1983. "The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems: A Re-Analysis of The Operational Code Construct". International Studies Quarterly 27 (2): 179. doi:10.2307/2600545.
Winter, David G. 2003. "Assessing Leaders’ Personalities: A Historical Survey Of Academic Research Studies". In The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Winter, David G. 1992. "Personality And Foreign Policy: Historical Overview". In Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press.
Waltz, Kenneth. 1959. Man, The State, And War. New York: Columbia University Press.