Peran FFPU Sebagai Norm Entrepreneur Agenda Women, Peace and Security (WPS) dalam RSK di Liberia
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Oct 27, 2022
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Abstract
Peacekeepers are front-line actors who are not only in direct contact with communities in post-conflict setting, but are also involved in the country’s security sector reform. This study is intended to find out how FFPU plays the role as WPS Agenda norm entrepreneur in SSR in Liberia. This study uses descriptive methodology using secondary data sources. The study shows that FFPU acted as a norm entrepreneur of the WPS agenda in SSR in Liberia through the unit’s involvement in Liberian police reform (Liberia National Police, LNP), which can be seen though the unit’s position as a role model for Liberian women, as well as given the responsibility to communicate the transformation of the police, from a corrupt institution to a trustworthy guardian.
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References
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Bacon, Laura. 2013. Liberia Leans In. Juni 3. https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/06/03/liberia-leans-in/.
Bacon, Laura. 2015. "Liberia's Gender-Sensitive Police Reform: Improving Representation and Responsiveness in a Post-Conflict Setting." International Peacekeeping 22 (4). doi:10.1080/13533312.2015.1059285.
Bertolazzi, Francesco. 2010. "Women with a Blue Helmet: The Integration of Women and Gender Issues in UN Peacekeeping Missions."
Björkdahl, Annika. 2006. "Promoting Norms Through Peacekeeping: UNPREDEP and Conflict Prevention." International Peacekeeping 13 (2): 214-228.
Boutellis, Arthur, Laura Bacon, and Christine MacAulay. 2012. "BUILDING AN INCLUSIVE, RESPONSIVE NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE: GENDER-SENSITIVE REFORM IN LIBERIA, 2005 - 2011." Innovations for Successful Societies. Accessed April 19, 2022. https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID191.pdf.
Cordell, Kristen. 2010. Gender Mainstreaming In Peacekeeping Operations Liberia 2003–2009. Accra: Office of the Gender Adviser UNMIL.
—. 2009. Liberia: Women Peacekeepers and Human Security. 8 Oktober. Diakses April 11, 2022. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/liberia-women-peacekeepers-and-human-security/.
Davies, Olivia Victoria. 2013. “Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Practice in Peacekeeping Operations.” Dalam Conflict Trends Issue 2, oleh ACCORD, 15-22. ACCORD.
DCAF. 2011. "The Liberian National Police’s female recruitment programme." In Gender and Security Sector Reform: Examples from the Ground, 9-10. Jenewa: DCAF.
DPKO. 2020. “Gender Equality and WPS Resource Package.” UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/gewps19_respack_v7_eng_digital.ppd.
Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change." International Organization 52(4) 887–917.
Höghammar, T., L. Strand, E. Roos, and R. Irwin. 2016. "The development of the women, peace and security agenda." In SIPRI Yearbook 2016, 323-331. SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2016/08.
Huber, L., and S. Karim. 2018. "The internationalization of security sector gender reforms in post-conflict countries." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0738894217696228.
Huber, Laura K., and Natalie F. Hudson. 2019. "Deepening the Conversation: Feminism, International Policing and the WPS Agenda." International Peacekeeping (26(5) 1-26. doi:10.1080/13533312.2019.1632706.
IRIN News. 2010. Women UN peacekeepers - more needed. Mei 20. Accessed Mei 4, 2022. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2010/05/20/women-un-peacekeepers-more-needed.
Kember, Olivia F. 2010. The Impact of The Indian Formed Police Unit in The United Nations Mission in Liberia. Tesis, Washington DC: Universitas Georgetown.
Klossek, Lara, and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués. 2021. "The Female ‘Boot on the Ground’: Indian Ambivalence Over Gender Mainstreaming in UN Peacekeeping Operations." International Peacekeeping, 28(4) 527-552. doi:10.1080/13533312.2021.1880899.
Nalwa, Preetu. 2011. "Resolution 1325: Evolution of Gender Perspective in UN Peacekeeping Operations." Journal of Defence Studies 5(1).
Onekalit, Catherine A. 2013. "Women in Peacekeeping: The Emergence of the All-female Uniformed Units in UNMIL and MONUSCO." In Conflict Trends Issue 2, by ACCORD, 42-46. ACCORD.
Pruitt, Lesley J. 2016. The Women in Blue Helmets. California: University of California Press.
Reeve, R, and J. Speare. 2012. "Human security in Liberia." In Accord Issue 23: Consolidating peace Liberia and Sierra Leone. https://www.c-r.org/accord/west-africa-liberia-and-sierra-leone.
Ruus, Anton, Henrique Siniciato Terra Garbino, and Ricardo Oliveira dos Santos. 2019. "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and the Security Sector Reform: challenges and opportunities." REVISTA PARANAENSE DE DESENVOLVIMENT 40(137) 105-124.
Swiss, Shana, Peggy J. Jennings, Gladys V. Aryee, Grace H. Brown, Ruth M. Jappah-Samukai, Mary S. Kamara, Rosanna D. H. Schaack, dan Rojatu S. Turay-Kanneh. 1998. “Violence Against Women During the Liberian Civil Conflict.” JAMA 279 (8) 625-629.
The New Humanitarian. 2006. Liberia: Health, justice lacking for abused women. 4 Desember. https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/liberia-health-justice-lacking-abused-women.
Tryggestad, T. L. 2009. "Trick or Treat? The UN and Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security." Global Governance 15(4) 539–557. doi:10.1163/19426720-015.
UNDPKO. t.thn. Department of Peacekeeping Operations. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/department-of-peace-operations.
United Nations. 2003. "Resolusi 1509." http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1509.
—. 2014. “Resolusi 2151.” https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2152(2014).
Valasek, K. 2008. "Reformasi Sektor Keamanan dan Gender." In Toolkit Gender dan Reformasi Sektor Keamanan, 1-25. DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW.
Wilén, Nina. 2018. "Examining the Links between Security Sector Reform and Peacekeeping Troop Contribution in Post-conflict States." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1426680.
Wunderlich, Carmen. 2019. "Dedicated to the Good: Norm Entrepreneurs in International Relations." In Rogue States as Norm Entrepreneurs, 15-55. Cham: Springer.