Rising of Chinese Blue Water Navy and American Hegemony In Asia Pacific
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Feb 3, 2022
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Abstract
Currently, China is growing into a new maritime power in the world. This country is listed with the largest number of commercial vessels with over 1,000 gross tons. The port of Shanghai has also transformed into one of the busiest ports globally, rivaling the Port of Amsterdam in terms of total cargo volume. China's shipping industry currently occupies the third position in the world. The maritime industry is increasingly competitive to ensure stable economic performance, but on the other hand, it is still highly dependent on secure access to markets and resources, particularly iron and fossil fuels. Taking into account the condition of the Chinese Navy and the government's Chinese Efforts to become a new maritime power in the world, China is currently trying to establish itself to realize its dream, namely the ability to become a force in blue water navy order to seize the United States' Hegemony in the Asia Pacific Region.
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References
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Koda, Yoji. 2017. “China’s Blue Water Navy Strategy and Its Implications.” Center for a New American Security.
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Ploberger, Christian. 2017. “One Belt, One Road–China’s New Grand Strategy.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2017.1346922.
Rahman, Chris, and Martin Tsamenyi. 2010. “A Strategic Perspective on Security and Naval Issues in the South China Sea.” Ocean Development and International Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2010.499277.
Rosenberg, David, and Christopher Chung. 2008. “Maritime Security in the South China Sea: Coordinating Coastal and User State Priorities.” Ocean Development and International Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320701641602.
Ross, Robert S. 2010. “The Rise of Chinese Power and the Implications for the Regional Security Order.” Orbis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2010.07.003.
Scott, David. 2012. “The ‘Indo-Pacific’-New Regional Formulations and New Maritime Frameworks for US-India Strategic Convergence.” Asia-Pacific Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2012.738115.
———. 2019. “China’s Indo-Pacific Strategy.” The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies.
Shah, Dhara P. 2017. “China’s Maritime Security Strategy: An Assessment Of The White Paper On Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation.” Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 13 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2017.1317122.
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Tow, William T. 2011. “Great Powers and Multilateralism The Politics of Security Architectures in Southeast Asia.” In ASEAN and the Institutionalization of East Asia. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203804650-22.
Ye, Xiaodi. 2019. “Rediscovering the Transition in China’s National Interest: A Neoclassical Realist Approach.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619876830.
Yoshihara, Toshi, and James R Holmes. 2008. “China’s New Undersea Nuclear Deterrent: Strategy, Doctrine, and Capabilities.” Joint Force Quarterly.
Yu, Hong. 2017. “Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” Journal of Contemporary China. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894.
ZENG, JINGHAN, and SHAUN BRESLIN. 2016. “China’s ‘New Type of Great Power Relations’: A G2 with Chinese Characteristics?” International Affairs 92 (4): 773–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12656.
Zhan, Jun. 1994. “China Goes to the Blue Waters: The Navy, Seapower Mentality and the South China Sea.” Journal of Strategic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402399408437559.
Zhu, Cuiping. 2018. “China-India Engagement in the Indian Ocean.” In . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5726-7_2.
Beeson, Mark. 2009. “Hegemonic Transition in East Asia? The Dynamics of Chinese and American Power.” Review of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509008341.
Blazevic, Jason J. 2010. “The Taiwan Dilemma: China, Japan, and the Strait Dynamic.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261003900406.
Boylan, Brandon M., Jerry McBeath, and Bo Wang. 2021. “US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-020-00302-6.
Chan, Edward Sing Yue. 2020. Global Challenges in Maritime Security: An Introduction. Global Change, Peace & Security. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2020.1809368.
Chapman, Bert. 2017. “The East China Sea in DOD China Military Power Reports.” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis.
Chase, Michael S. 2013. “China’s Transition to a More Credible Nuclear Deterrent: Implications and Challenges for the United States.” Asia Policy. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2013.0028.
Chong, Alan. 2018. International Security in the Asia-Pacific. Edited by Alan Chong. International Security in the Asia-Pacific: Transcending ASEAN towards Transitional Polycentrism. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60762-7.
Cox, Michael, Tan Sri Munir Majid, Yu Jie, Jinny Yan, Hanim Hamzah, Sufian Jusoh, Nicola Casarini, Pauline Loong, Kelvin Tay, and Thitinan Pongsudhirak. 2018. “China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Southeast Asia.” LSE Ideas; CIMB ASEAN Research Institute, no. October: 1–52. http://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/reports/LSE-IDEAS-China-SEA-BRI.pdf.
Damuri, Yose Rizal. 2019. “Perceptions and Readiness of Indonesia Towards the Belt and Road Initiative.” Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Das, Khanindra Ch. 2017. “The Making of One Belt, One Road and Dilemmas in South Asia.” China Report. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445517696624.
deLisle, Jacques. 2020. “Foreign Policy through Other Means: Hard Power, Soft Power, and China’s Turn to Political Warfare to Influence the United States.” Orbis 64 (2): 174–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.004.
Dhara Ranasinghe, and Saikat Chatterjee. 2021. “Irresistible? Pension Funds Plot Move on China’s $16 Trillion Sovereign Bond Market - Business - The Jakarta Post.” The Jakarta Post. 2021. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/20/irresistible-pension-funds-plot-move-on-chinas-16-trillion-sovereign-bond-market.html.
Dugis, Vinsensio MA. 2018. “Memahami Peningkatan Kehadiran China Di Pasifik Selatan: Perspektif Realisme Stratejik.” Jurnal Global & Strategis. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.9.1.2015.1-18.
Engelbert, Thomas. 2020. “The South China Sea Conflict: Analyses and Perspectives: An Introduction to the Topic.” In The South China Sea Conflict after the Arbitration of July 12, 2016.
Fanell, James E. 2019a. “Asia Rising: China’s Global Naval Strategy and Expanding Force Structure.” China’s Global Strategy.
Fanell, James E. 2019b. “Pathway to Hegemony.” Naval War College Review.
Feng, Zhongping, and Jing Huang. 2014. “China’s Strategic Partnership Diplomacy: Engaging With a Changing World.” European Strategic Partnerships Observatory.
Fernald, John G., and Oliver D. Babson. 2005. “Why Has China Survived the Asian Crisis So Well? What Risks Remain?” SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.154629.
Goh, Evelyn, and Sheldon W. Simon. 2007. China, the United States, and South-East Asia. Edited by Sheldon W. Simon and Evelyn Goh. China the United States and South-East Asia: Contending Perspectives on Politics, Security, and Economics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946060.
Hao, Qi. 2015. “China Debates the ‘New Type of Great Power Relations.’” Chinese Journal of International Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pov012.
Hwang, Jaeho, and Chen Dongxiao. 2010. “China’s Harmonious Asia Strategy.” International Area Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/223386591001300206.
Jenner, C. J. 2021. “Command, Strategic Contest, and Confidence-Building in the South China Sea.” Orbis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2021.06.012.
Ji, You, and You Xu. 1991. “In Search of Blue Water Power: The PLA Navy’s Maritime Strategy in the 1990s.” The Pacific Review 4 (2): 137–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749108718910.
Kashin, Vasilii B., Liubov’ S. Krasheninnikova, and Anastasiya S. Piatachkova. 2020. “?hina: Military-Technical and Naval Aspects of Leadership.” World Economy and International Relations. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-7-49-59.
Kennedy, Conor. 2018. “The Struggle for Blue Territory: Chinese Maritime Militia Grey-Zone Operations.” RUSI Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1552450.
Koda, Yoji. 2017. “China’s Blue Water Navy Strategy and Its Implications.” Center for a New American Security.
Kuik, Cheng Chwee, Nor Azizan Idris, and Abd Rahim Md Nor. 2012. “The China Factor in the U.S. ‘Reengagement’ With Southeast Asia: Drivers and Limits of Converged Hedging.” Asian Politics and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2012.01361.x.
Lague, David, and Benjamin Lim. 2020. “China’s Vast Fleet Is Tipping the Balance against U.S. in the Pacific.” Reuters.
Laub, James Alan. 1999. “Assessing the Servant Organization; Development of the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) Model.” Dissertation Abstracts International.
Li, Kevin X., Kun Chin Lin, Mengjie Jin, Kum Fai Yuen, Zhongzhen Yang, and Yi Xiao. 2020. “Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Commercial Maritime Power.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.02.023.
Lin, Jeffrey, and P W Singer. 2017. “China’s New Ballistic Missile Submarine Could Change Its Prospects in Nuclear War.” Popular Science.
MacHaffie, James. 2020. “The Geopolitical Roots of China’s Naval Modernisation.” Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2020.1726260.
Morrison, Wayne. 2014. “China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States.” Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia.
O’Rourke, Ronald. 2020. “U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress.” In Key Congressional Reports for September 2019: Part IX.
O’Rourke, Ronald. 2021. “China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress (Updated).” In Current Developments in the U.S.-China Relationship.
Ploberger, Christian. 2017. “One Belt, One Road–China’s New Grand Strategy.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2017.1346922.
Rahman, Chris, and Martin Tsamenyi. 2010. “A Strategic Perspective on Security and Naval Issues in the South China Sea.” Ocean Development and International Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2010.499277.
Rosenberg, David, and Christopher Chung. 2008. “Maritime Security in the South China Sea: Coordinating Coastal and User State Priorities.” Ocean Development and International Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320701641602.
Ross, Robert S. 2010. “The Rise of Chinese Power and the Implications for the Regional Security Order.” Orbis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2010.07.003.
Scott, David. 2012. “The ‘Indo-Pacific’-New Regional Formulations and New Maritime Frameworks for US-India Strategic Convergence.” Asia-Pacific Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2012.738115.
———. 2019. “China’s Indo-Pacific Strategy.” The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies.
Shah, Dhara P. 2017. “China’s Maritime Security Strategy: An Assessment Of The White Paper On Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation.” Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 13 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2017.1317122.
Teixeira Júnior, Augusto W.M., and Peterson Ferreira Da Silva. 2020. “China in the Contemporary World Order: Grand Strategy, Military Modernization, and Balance of Power.” Sociedade e Cultura. https://doi.org/10.5216/SEC.V23I.59618.
Tow, William T. 2011. “Great Powers and Multilateralism The Politics of Security Architectures in Southeast Asia.” In ASEAN and the Institutionalization of East Asia. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203804650-22.
Ye, Xiaodi. 2019. “Rediscovering the Transition in China’s National Interest: A Neoclassical Realist Approach.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619876830.
Yoshihara, Toshi, and James R Holmes. 2008. “China’s New Undersea Nuclear Deterrent: Strategy, Doctrine, and Capabilities.” Joint Force Quarterly.
Yu, Hong. 2017. “Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” Journal of Contemporary China. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894.
ZENG, JINGHAN, and SHAUN BRESLIN. 2016. “China’s ‘New Type of Great Power Relations’: A G2 with Chinese Characteristics?” International Affairs 92 (4): 773–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12656.
Zhan, Jun. 1994. “China Goes to the Blue Waters: The Navy, Seapower Mentality and the South China Sea.” Journal of Strategic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402399408437559.
Zhu, Cuiping. 2018. “China-India Engagement in the Indian Ocean.” In . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5726-7_2.